(business) backcasting; planning ahead by starting from a future goal and working backwards through the necessary steps

(philosophy) A statement expressing a value judgment answering the question of what ought to be, as opposed to what there is.

(fuzzy logic) A mathematical function T: [0, 1] × [0, 1] → [0, 1] that is commutative, associative, monotonic, and the number 1 acts as identity element, that is T(a, 1) = a.

(mathematics) A measure of length given by "the square root of the squares." Denoted by ||·||₂, the two-norm of a vector ⃑v= is ||⃑v||₂=√. The two norm of an m⨯m matrix A is defined by max _(⃑v≠⃑0)|/} where ⃑v is an m-dimensional vector that is not the zero vector.

(mathematical analysis) A function denoted ∥v∥ that maps a vector v to a non-negative value such that ∥cv∥ = |c|.∥v∥, where c is a scalar, and ∥v + w∥ ≤ ∥v∥ + ∥w∥ (the triangle inequality); the condition that ∥v∥ = 0 implies that v = 0 is not required, but when it holds, the semi-norm is a norm.

(mathematics) A norm of an ordinary Euclidean space, for which the Pythagorean theorem holds, defined by |x|=√

plural of semi-norm

plural of Gowers norm

(mathematics) In the field of additive combinatorics, a class of norms on functions on a finite group or group-like object which quantify the amount of structure or randomness present.

plural of t-norm