(business) backcasting; planning ahead by starting from a future goal and working backwards through the necessary steps

(linguistics) An orthographic and oral norm for the Occitan language.

(education) In the United States, the practice of adjusting test scores based on the race of the person taking the test.

plural of Gowers norm

(mathematics) In the field of additive combinatorics, a class of norms on functions on a finite group or group-like object which quantify the amount of structure or randomness present.

(philosophy) A statement expressing a value judgment answering the question of what ought to be, as opposed to what there is.

(mathematics) A measure of length given by "the square root of the squares." Denoted by ||·||₂, the two-norm of a vector ⃑v= is ||⃑v||₂=√. The two norm of an m⨯m matrix A is defined by max _(⃑v≠⃑0)|/} where ⃑v is an m-dimensional vector that is not the zero vector.

(mathematical analysis) A function denoted ∥v∥ that maps a vector v to a non-negative value such that ∥cv∥ = |c|.∥v∥, where c is a scalar, and ∥v + w∥ ≤ ∥v∥ + ∥w∥ (the triangle inequality); the condition that ∥v∥ = 0 implies that v = 0 is not required, but when it holds, the semi-norm is a norm.

(economics) economic thought in which one applies moral beliefs, or judgment, claiming that an outcome is "good" or "bad". For example: "this tax on cigarettes will be good because it will reduce smoking."

(mathematics) A norm of an ordinary Euclidean space, for which the Pythagorean theorem holds, defined by |x|=√