The belief that one's own ethnic group is innately superior to others and that all other groups should therefore be judged by one's own local standards.

A presumption that if something is true of part(s) of a whole, then it is true of the whole itself.

Synonym of Monte Carlo fallacy

A common error in logical reasoning where an effect is attributed to an incorrect cause because the basic statistical ratios have not been taken into account.

The logical error of discounting the possibility of something in which the arguer ignores contradictory evidence on the basis of past experience.

Synonym of just-world hypothesis

The fallacy, most often believed by gamblers, that a past random event influences the outcome of a future random event, that is, that a run of even numbers at roulette means that there is a greater chance of an odd number next time.

The fallacy of ignoring differences in data while stressing the similarities.

The phenomenon where somebody justifies an increased investment of money or other resources based on the cumulative prior investment (the sunk costs), despite new evidence suggesting that the cost of continuing now outweighs the expected benefit.

A fallacy of inferring that since one knows (or does not know) something by one description, one must know (or not know) it by another, as in "I know who my father is. I do not know who the masked man is. Therefore, my father is not the masked man."