To compare results across studies, researchers converted the raw scores into standardized variables before running the meta-analysis.

Rising living standards have improved access to education and healthcare in the region.

Researchers argued that the mean standards used in the study were outdated and biased.

Researchers assumed the new perfect gold standard test would settle the debate about infection status.

When scheduling the meeting across time zones, remember that Australian Eastern Standard Time is GMT+10:00 and that Queensland does not change clocks for daylight saving while the other states move to GMT+11:00.

To estimate the mean with high confidence, we simulated a thousand standard normal random variables and computed their sample average.

When modeling measurement noise, it's common to assume that the error term is a standard normal random variable.

The study compared several diagnostic tools against perfect gold standard tests to determine which were most reliable in early detection.

The laboratory calibrated its instruments using Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water before beginning the isotopic analyses.