(philosophy) An argument for the existence of sense-data, and thus a criticism of direct realism, according to which what we perceive (such as a stick that looks bent because it is viewed underwater) is distinct from the actual thing perceived (the straight stick).

(physics) A thought experiment linking general relativity and gravitational waves, based on the idea of two beads sliding freely (but with a small amount of friction) on a rigid rod. As the wave passes over the rod, atomic forces hold the length of the rod fixed, but the proper distance between the two beads oscillates. Thus, the beads rub against the rod, dissipating heat.

(economics) The argument against the labor theory of value pointing out that mud pies that take an immense amount of labor still have little to no value.

An argument based on the absence of something being mentioned in documents as evidence.

(philosophy) The argument, famously made by Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), that a private language cannot exist.

(theology) A teleological argument.

plural of circular argument

plural of oral argument

plural of opening argument

Acting against an argument given; intending to counter an argument.