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capital letter
An upper-case letter (A, B, C, ... as opposed to a, b, c, ...), used for emphasis, for starting sentences and proper names, etc.
French letter
(UK, dated, euphemistic) A condom.
letter grade
(education) A letter of the alphabet assigned as an evaluation of schoolwork, with A generally being the best. Passing grades may also carry a plus or minus sign, with an A-minus (A-) better than B-plus (B+) and so on.
moon letter
(linguistics) One of fourteen Arabic letters that do not affect the pronunciation of the "L" of a preceding definite article (ال- (al--)). The "L" in the Arabic definite article is pronounced "L" when followed by a moon letter: e.g., القُرْآن (al-qurʾān). The fourteen moon letters are: ء (ʾ), ب (b), ج (j), ح (ḥ), خ (ḵ), ع (ʿ), غ (ḡ), ف (f), ق (q), ك (k), م (m), ه (h), و (w), ي (y)
chain letter
A letter that can be mailed successively to different recipients, with each recipient ostensibly (but sometimes sarcastically) being instructed in the body of the letter to mail the letter to another person or persons.
letter of attorney
scarlet letter
(historical) The letter "A" in scarlet cloth required to be worn by those convicted of adultery in 17th-century Puritan New England.
cover letter
A letter or written communication that serves to introduce an accompanying document; especially, a letter that introduces a résumé or curriculum vitae.
drop letter
(US) A letter mailed at a post office and either kept for general delivery, or delivered to a post office box, at that same post office.
form letter
A letter that is written generically with blanks to be filled in with individual details, often sent in bulk, and frequently regarded as impersonal.