Surgery (and related medical treatment) to improve appearance rather than for health reasons.

(medicine) Surgery using a fibre-optic laparoscope through a small incision, either for examination or treatment

laparoscopy

(surgery, military, colloquial) Surgery performed rapidly in a military field hospital to stabilize the patient as quickly as possible.

(LGBT, surgery) Sex reassignment surgery performed on the reproductive organs, particularly the genitals.

Breast augmentation. / (bilateral) Mastectomy.

(surgery) An articular cartilage repair surgical technique that works by creating tiny fractures in the underlying bone.

A medical fraud in which a practitioner creates the illusion of performing surgery with his/her bare hands, using fake blood and other trickery.

A sequential chain of organ transplants where each recipient donates another organ to another person in exchange for the one that they have received.

(topology) The removal of a solid torus from a 3-dimensional manifold, followed by its being replaced via a homeomorphism of its boundary.