The secondary phosphine acted as a ligand in the catalytic cycle, coordinating to the metal center through its lone pair.

The phosphine oxide produced as a byproduct was purified and analyzed by NMR spectroscopy.

The catalytic cycle stalled when the tertiary phosphine ligand dissociated from the metal center.

The phosphine sulfide formed during the synthesis was characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy.

Phosphine sulfides are often studied for their applications in asymmetric catalysis and materials science.

During the synthesis, trace impurities converted some phosphine oxides into their corresponding sulfides, complicating purification.

Tertiary phosphines are commonly used as ligands in homogeneous catalysis.

Secondary phosphines are commonly used as ligands in transition-metal catalysis to fine-tune both steric and electronic properties.

During the catalytic cycle, phosphine imides coordinated to the metal center facilitated nitrogen transfer to the substrate.

Because primary phosphines are highly reactive with oxygen, we stored the primary phosphines in a glovebox to preserve their integrity.