The botanist documented flagellation in several freshwater algae, noting distinct patterns in how their flagella form and are arranged.

The medieval procession included a flagellant who walked barefoot and lashed his back as penance.

The flagellant pilgrim knelt among the crowd, believing self-inflicted pain would atone for his sins.

During the medieval plague, flagellants processed through the streets, believing self-punishment would appease God.

The monastery's chronicles detailed numerous flagellations during the festival.

The historian described how medieval penitents practiced public self-flagellations to atone for their sins.

Medieval accounts often describe self-flagellation as a ritual meant to atone for sins.