The country's sudden Caliphization surprised many historians and diplomats.

The anthropologist documented how the caliphization of the coastal towns changed everyday life and governance.

The caliphs convened to discuss the future of the empire.

Historians study how different caliphates managed trade across vast deserts and seas.

During the ceremonial procession, the caliph waved to the crowds lining the streets.

The scholar debated whether the modern nation-state could coexist with the caliphate imagined by earlier generations.

The governor conducted the ceremony caliphally, embodying the dignity and authority of his office.

Caliphs played a central role in shaping the political and religious life of the early Islamic world.

The museum's exhibit included rare caliphal coins and manuscripts from the early Islamic empire.

The Caliph addressed the scholars during the council to discuss legal reforms.