This paper surveys the research methods and approaches used in the multidisciplinary field of applied language studies or language education over the last fourty years. Drawing on insights gained in psycho- and sociolinguistics, educational linguistics and linguistic anthropology with regard to language and culture, it is organized around five major questions that concern language educators.

A second seasonally-varying time unit was the “seasonal hour,” equal to one-quarter of a watch or one-twelfth of the length of a day (daytime seasonal hour) or one-twelfth of the length of a night (nighttime seasonal hour).

Although I knew comparatively little of matronship, as such, I did know a great deal of mothering, and for wingies and stumpies as they called themselves, the blind and the maimed who had given so much, all the service and devotion of which I was capable was only too little.

He was vain about his specialness until he realized he was really very common.