Before joining battle, the officers and warriors gathered to make divinations before the spirits of the former rulers, as at the battle of Yen-ling between Chin and Ch'u in 575 B.C.

[…] a half testoon of the Swiss Federation minted at Bellinzona […]

The begging-the-question fallacies are flawed because they assume, in a variety of ways, the truth of the conclusion in their premises. Hence, the premises provide no good reason to accept the conclusion.

Examining the data and facts will be a good starting point.