plural of no true Scotsman fallacy

A fallacy of inferring that since one knows (or does not know) something by one description, one must know (or not know) it by another, as in "I know who my father is. I do not know who the masked man is. Therefore, my father is not the masked man."

The phenomenon where somebody justifies an increased investment of money or other resources based on the cumulative prior investment (the sunk costs), despite new evidence suggesting that the cost of continuing now outweighs the expected benefit.

plural of base rate fallacy

The logical fallacy of attempting to retain an unreasoned assertion by excluding the case given in a counterexample, as in: "No Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge." "I am Scottish, and I put sugar on my porridge." "Well, no true Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge."

Synonym of just-world hypothesis

A common error in logical reasoning where an effect is attributed to an incorrect cause because the basic statistical ratios have not been taken into account.

plural of sunk costs fallacy

The logical error of discounting the possibility of something in which the arguer ignores contradictory evidence on the basis of past experience.

plural of black swan fallacy