(computing, robotics) The observation that, contrary to traditional assumptions, reasoning (which is high-level in humans) requires very little computation, but sensorimotor skills (comparatively low-level in humans) require enormous computational resources.

(probability) A problem within the classical interpretation of probability theory, illustrating how the principle of indifference may not produce definite, well-defined results for probabilities if it is applied uncritically when the domain of possibilities is infinite.

An apparent paradox within the subjectivistic interpretation of probability theory, in which two people wager over whose necktie is cheapest, with the owner of the more expensive tie giving it to the other. Taking the wager seems to be to the advantage of both people.

A choice problem designed to show an inconsistency of actual observed choices with the predictions of expected utility theory.

A paradox of choice in which people's decisions produce inconsistencies with subjective expected utility theory.

The objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics.

(physics) Synonym of Supplee's paradox

(physics) A physical paradox that arises when considering the buoyant force exerted on a relativistic bullet (or in a submarine) immersed in a fluid subject to an ambient gravitational field. If a bullet has neutral buoyancy at rest in a perfect fluid and is then launched at relativistic speed, observers at rest within the fluid would conclude that the bullet should sink, since its density will increase due to the length contraction effect. On the other hand, in the bullet's proper frame it is the moving fluid that becomes denser and hence the bullet would float.

The situation where a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that goes against the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group, because the individuals choose to side with what they believe is the majority preference.

(psychotherapy) A psychotherapeutic technique used to treat anxiety by repeatedly rehearsing the anxiety-inducing pattern of thought or behaviour, often with exaggeration and humor.