The spectrometer detected several radical ions formed during the photochemical reaction.

Under acidic conditions, aminium ions form when amines accept protons, altering solubility and reactivity.

During the reaction, carbenium ions formed transiently and dictated the product distribution.

In his paper, he argued that carbonium ions play a crucial role in rearrangement reactions.

In aqueous solutions, complex ions often determine the vibrant colors observed in transition metal compounds.

During the precipitation reaction, spectator ions remain in solution and do not affect the formation of the solid.

The concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution determines its acidity.

Chloronium ions formed during the reaction were detected using mass spectrometry.

Fluoronium ions play a key role in stabilizing high-energy intermediates during certain organofluorine reactions.

During the reaction, iodonium ions formed transiently before collapsing into neutral products.