Last Updated：2025/12/30
Sentence
By
the
turn
of
this
century
the
situation
concerning
logic
was
quite
simple:
there
was
basically
one
logic
(classical
logic)
which
could
be
used
(by
changing
the
set
of
proper
axioms)
in
various
situations.
Logic
was
about
pure
reasoning.
Brouwer’s
criticism
destroyed
this
dream
of
unity:
classical
logic
was
not
suited
for
constructive
features
and
therefore
it
lost
its
universality.
Now
by
the
end
of
the
century
we
are
faced
with
an
incredible
number
of
logics-some
of
them
only
named
‘logic’
by
antiphrasis,
some
of
them
introduced
on
serious
grounds.
Quizzes for review
By the turn of this century the situation concerning logic was quite simple: there was basically one logic (classical logic) which could be used (by changing the set of proper axioms) in various situations. Logic was about pure reasoning. Brouwer’s criticism destroyed this dream of unity: classical logic was not suited for constructive features and therefore it lost its universality. Now by the end of the century we are faced with an incredible number of logics-some of them only named ‘logic’ by antiphrasis, some of them introduced on serious grounds.
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