In humans, a spirometer can be used to record and measure lung volumes and oxygen consumption (illustration 1).

The spirit of artisanality is captured in the nineteenth-century “arts and crafts” movement, which “emphasized the human touch — the care, craftsmanship and attention to detail that go into a piece of furniture or a decorative object that is crafted by hand. The art of creating something, it was thought, should be a joyful, exhilarating experience, not just a way of earning money.”¹⁸

Although the three extant manuscripts show different states of revision, no one descends from another; each has separative errors.

The Tendai may indeed be regarded as the mother sect of all later developments of Japanese Buddhism, and Amida Nyorai is even of greater importance in Japanese art than Sakya Muni, the founder of the religion.