Pitiless punishment of offences, on the theory of defence against “dangerosity”, as the only means of controlling crime, is rejected, along with theories of punishment based on vengeance, expiation or retribution.

The result was a string of decisions that further established riparianism as a rule of law.

Shock waves are sudden discontinuities propagated in compressible media – usually air.

The study of properties of such families of circles gave rise to a new geometry, called inversive geometry, which was able to provide particularly striking proofs of previously known results in Euclidean geometry as well as new results.