Examining the data and facts will be a good starting point.

[…] a half testoon of the Swiss Federation minted at Bellinzona […]

The begging-the-question fallacies are flawed because they assume, in a variety of ways, the truth of the conclusion in their premises. Hence, the premises provide no good reason to accept the conclusion.

Before joining battle, the officers and warriors gathered to make divinations before the spirits of the former rulers, as at the battle of Yen-ling between Chin and Ch'u in 575 B.C.