As Mr. Giffen has pointed out, a rise in the price of bread makes so large a drain on the resources of the poorer labouring families and raises so much the marginal utility of money to them, that they are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive farinaceous foods: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it […]

improper conduct

The imperial train arrived on November 22 at Te-chou, a city in western Shantung along the border of Chihli.

It is not the case that A outsurvived B because A had greater fitness. If A outsurvived B, it was because A possessed some set of properties, P, that B lacked.